MariaDB time type can have partial seconds, while ODBC SQL_TIME can not. That makes it a bit problematic to insert such value. One should bind it either as interval type or as a string, because ODBC driver should return error if value have second decimals and bound as SQL_TIME. As always, there are legacy applications out there that cannot be changed.
The solution can be connection string option not to return error in such case and send milliseconds to the server.