The regression test suite reports rather severe performance regressions in MariaDB 10.5.4 vs. 10.5.3. It looks like it is genuinely for the sysbench OLTP range queries. Example:
Test 't_collate_distinct_range_utf8_general' - sysbench OLTP readonly
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selecting distinct rows from short range, collation utf8_general_ci
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1 table, 1 mio rows, engine InnoDB/XtraDB (builtin)
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numbers are queries per second
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#thread count 1 8 16 32 64 128 256
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mariadb-10.5.3 7840.1 53249 92616 149360 149130 149435 148546
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mariadb-10.5.4 7794.3 52208 91235 131122 137925 128168 94999
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That looks good. I have rerun all the tests from the regression test suite that showed a regression and now all numbers are back to normal. See attachment MDEV-23017.pdf