-- drop table person_principal

create or replace table person_principal

(

    person_id bigint not null,

    insurant_id varchar(10) not null,

    principal_id bigint not null,

    principal_officer_id bigint not null,

    nursing_degree tinyint null,

    nursing_degree_valid_from date not null default cast(current_timestamp(6) as date),

    carma_user_id bigint not null,

    current_date_time timestamp(6) not null default current_timestamp(6) on update current_timestamp(6),

    constraint pk_person_principal primary key (person_id asc),

    constraint ck_person_principal_nursing_degree check (nursing_degree in (1,2,3,4,5))

);

-- drop table person_principal_hist

create or replace table person_principal_hist

(

    person_id bigint not null,

    insurant_id varchar(10) not null,

    principal_id bigint not null,

    principal_officer_id bigint not null,

    nursing_degree tinyint null,

    nursing_degree_valid_from date not null default cast(now() as date),

    carma_user_id bigint not null,

    orig_date_time datetime(6) not null,

    constraint pk_person_principal_hist primary key (person_id asc, orig_date_time asc),

    constraint ck_person_principal_hist_nursing_degree check (nursing_degree in (1,2,3,4,5))

);

-- select * from person_principal

insert into person_principal

    (person_id, insurant_id, principal_id, principal_officer_id, nursing_degree, nursing_degree_valid_from, carma_user_id)

values

    (1, 'A123456789', 5, 1, 1, '2018-05-06', 1);

alter table person_principal add column if not exists date_mask tinyint null;

update person_principal set date_mask = 0;

alter table person_principal modify column date_mask tinyint not null;

leads to a crash with the following output:
2020-05-14 17:45:16 0 [Note] mysqld: ready for connections.
Version: '10.4.13-MariaDB-1:10.4.13+maria~bionic' socket: '/var/run/mysqld/mysqld.sock' port: 3306 mariadb.org binary distribution
2020-05-14 17:45:16 0 [Note] InnoDB: Buffer pool(s) load completed at 200514 17:45:16
200514 17:48:27 [ERROR] mysqld got signal 11 ;
This could be because you hit a bug. It is also possible that this binary
or one of the libraries it was linked against is corrupt, improperly built,
or misconfigured. This error can also be caused by malfunctioning hardware.
To report this bug, see https://mariadb.com/kb/en/reporting-bugs
We will try our best to scrape up some info that will hopefully help
diagnose the problem, but since we have already crashed,
something is definitely wrong and this may fail.
Server version: 10.4.13-MariaDB-1:10.4.13+maria~bionic
key_buffer_size=134217728
read_buffer_size=2097152
max_used_connections=3
max_threads=102
thread_count=9
It is possible that mysqld could use up to
key_buffer_size + (read_buffer_size + sort_buffer_size)*max_threads = 760255 K bytes of memory
Hope that's ok; if not, decrease some variables in the equation.
Thread pointer: 0x7f3740000c08
Attempting backtrace. You can use the following information to find out
where mysqld died. If you see no messages after this, something went
terribly wrong...
stack_bottom = 0x7f37b83c0dd8 thread_stack 0x49000
mysqld(my_print_stacktrace+0x2e)[0x5579faee8e8e]
mysqld(handle_fatal_signal+0x515)[0x5579fa964915]
/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libpthread.so.0(+0x12890)[0x7f37d4e42890]
mysqld(my_charset_latin1+0x0)[0x5579fb88d4c0]
Trying to get some variables.
Some pointers may be invalid and cause the dump to abort.
Query (0x7f374000fff0): alter table person_principal add column if not exists date_mask tinyint null
Connection ID (thread ID): 10
Status: NOT_KILLED
Optimizer switch: index_merge=on,index_merge_union=on,index_merge_sort_union=on,index_merge_intersection=on,index_merge_sort_intersection=off,engine_condition_pushdown=off,index_condition_pushdown=on,derived_merge=on,derived_with_keys=on,firstmatch=on,loosescan=on,materialization=on,in_to_exists=on,semijoin=on,partial_match_rowid_merge=on,partial_match_table_scan=on,subquery_cache=on,mrr=off,mrr_cost_based=off,mrr_sort_keys=off,outer_join_with_cache=on,semijoin_with_cache=on,join_cache_incremental=on,join_cache_hashed=on,join_cache_bka=on,optimize_join_buffer_size=on,table_elimination=on,extended_keys=on,exists_to_in=on,orderby_uses_equalities=on,condition_pushdown_for_derived=on,split_materialized=on,condition_pushdown_for_subquery=on,rowid_filter=on,condition_pushdown_from_having=on
The manual page at http://dev.mysql.com/doc/mysql/en/crashing.html contains
information that should help you find out what is causing the crash.
Writing a core file...
Working directory at /var/lib/mysql
Resource Limits:
Limit Soft Limit Hard Limit Units
Max cpu time unlimited unlimited seconds
Max file size unlimited unlimited bytes
Max data size unlimited unlimited bytes
Max stack size 8388608 unlimited bytes
Max core file size unlimited unlimited bytes
Max resident set unlimited unlimited bytes
Max processes unlimited unlimited processes
Max open files 1048576 1048576 files
Max locked memory 65536 65536 bytes
Max address space unlimited unlimited bytes
Max file locks unlimited unlimited locks
Max pending signals 30725 30725 signals
Max msgqueue size 819200 819200 bytes
Max nice priority 0 0
Max realtime priority 0 0
Max realtime timeout unlimited unlimited us
Core pattern: |/usr/lib/systemd/systemd-coredump %P %u %g %s %t %c ...

The MariaDB-Docker-Image is derived from Ubuntu:bionic, it is the official image from Docker Hub.

Maybe relates to MDEV-21663, MDEV-21800, or MDEV-21787

Version 10.4.12 is not affected, if that helps.

Best regars, Jan