That should be explained in the docs because that is one of the basic configuration options for HNSW and anyone new to MariaDB will be confused. Also, pgvector requires ef_construction to be >= 2 * M. I am not sure if other implementations have the same requirement, but if I am to follow that guidance for MariaDB then I am limited to M <= 5.
No, it's hard-coded and not configurable
https://github.com/MariaDB/server/blob/main/sql/vector_mhnsw.cc#L33