JSON_VALUE and JSON_EXTRACT descriptions both show path as the 2nd argument in syntax:

JSON_VALUE(json_doc, path)

JSON_EXTRACT(json_doc, path[, path] ...)

JSON_EXTRACT additionally says that

The path expression be a JSONPath expression as supported by MariaDB

(possibly a typo, but understandable).

JSON_VALUE says nothing about path meaning.

It appears that for JSON_VALUE path must be explicit, without wildcards. If so, it should be mentioned in the documentation.
Possibly there are other functions with the same limitation.