select ... from information_schema.columns
provides column information only about STATIC tables,
but does not column information of TEMPORARY tables.

For example:
create TEMPORARY table Temp1 (id int, exp char(30) );
select column_name Field,
column_type Type,
is_nullable "Null",
column_key "Key",
column_default "Default",
extra Extra
from information_schema.columns
where table_name = "Temp1"
and table_schema = database();

returns an EMPTY RESULT SET,

only desc Temp1; lists the column information of TEMPORARY table Temp1 succesfully.

How can be obtained column information of a TEMPORARY table as a server side CURSOR ?

If the command "desc Temp1;" can be used in subqueries, this will be achieved by direct way.