DROP DATABASE IF EXISTS versuch;
CREATE DATABASE versuch;

USE versuch;

CREATE TABLE artikel (
 artikel_id           INT UNSIGNED AUTO_INCREMENT,
 bezeichnung          VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
 PRIMARY KEY(artikel_id)
) ENGINE=InnoDB;

INSERT INTO artikel (artikel_id, bezeichnung)
 VALUES 
  (3001, 'Papier (100)'),
  (3005, 'Tinte (gold)'),
  (3006, 'Tinte (rot)')
;

CREATE TABLE bestellung_position (
 bestellung_id       INT UNSIGNED,  
 position_nr         INT UNSIGNED,
 artikel_id          INT UNSIGNED NOT NULL DEFAULT 0,
 PRIMARY KEY(bestellung_id, position_nr),
 FOREIGN KEY(artikel_id)
  REFERENCES artikel(artikel_id)
   ON UPDATE RESTRICT
   ON DELETE RESTRICT
) ENGINE=InnoDB;

SET FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS=0;
INSERT INTO bestellung_position (bestellung_id, position_nr, artikel_id)
 VALUES
  (1, 1, 3001),
  (1, 2, 3006),
  (2, 1, 9999)
;

-- LEFT and LEFT OUTER JOIN as expected
SELECT * FROM 
 bestellung_position LEFT JOIN artikel USING(artikel_id);

SELECT * FROM 
 bestellung_position LEFT OUTER JOIN artikel USING(artikel_id);
+------------+---------------+-------------+--------------+
| artikel_id | bestellung_id | position_nr | bezeichnung  |
+------------+---------------+-------------+--------------+
|       3001 |             1 |           1 | Papier (100) |
|       3006 |             1 |           2 | Tinte (rot)  |
|       9999 |             2 |           1 | NULL         |
+------------+---------------+-------------+--------------+
3 rows in set (0.000 sec)


-- RIGHT and RIGHT OUTER JOIN as expected
SELECT * FROM 
 bestellung_position RIGHT JOIN artikel USING(artikel_id);

SELECT * FROM 
 bestellung_position RIGHT OUTER JOIN artikel USING(artikel_id);
+------------+--------------+---------------+-------------+
| artikel_id | bezeichnung  | bestellung_id | position_nr |
+------------+--------------+---------------+-------------+
|       3001 | Papier (100) |             1 |           1 |
|       3005 | Tinte (gold) |          NULL |        NULL |
|       3006 | Tinte (rot)  |             1 |           2 |
+------------+--------------+---------------+-------------+
3 rows in set (0.000 sec)


-- FULL JOIN unexpected like INNER JOIN 
SELECT * FROM 
 bestellung_position FULL JOIN artikel USING(artikel_id);
+------------+---------------+-------------+--------------+
| artikel_id | bestellung_id | position_nr | bezeichnung  |
+------------+---------------+-------------+--------------+
|       3001 |             1 |           1 | Papier (100) |
|       3006 |             1 |           2 | Tinte (rot)  |
+------------+---------------+-------------+--------------+
2 rows in set (0.000 sec)


-- FULL OUTER JOIN expected error message 
SELECT * FROM 
 bestellung_position FULL OUTER JOIN artikel USING(artikel_id);

You have an error in your SQL syntax; check the manual that corresponds to your MySQL server version for the right syntax to use near 'OUTER JOIN artikel USING(artikel_id)' at line 2